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E. Apical Views, Evaluation of the Left Atrium – 心尖图

Figure 36. 2D apical 4-chamber
Figure 37. Transducer position, apical 4-chamber view
Figure 37. Transducer position, apical 4-chamber view

2D video clip. Apical 4-chamber view, optimized for left atrial visualization (priority should be given to obtaining a maximal left atrial long axis).
Position markers, visualization of:
1. Maximum left atrial longitudinal axis;
2. Maximum left atrial transverse axis;
3. Maximum diastolic excursion of the mitral leaflets

Figure 38. 2D apical 4-chamber view, optimized for left atrium
Figure 38. 2D apical 4-chamber view, optimized for left atrium

2D still frame. 4-chamber view, centered on the left atrium. Measurement: left atrial planimetry to obtain the biplane volume (see below the 2-chamber view). See Normal values here.
2D图像. 4腔图，左房放中间，测量：双平面侧面法测左房容积

Figure 33. 2D apical 2-chamber view, optimized for left atrium
Figure 39. Transducer position, apical 2-chamber view
Figure 39. Transducer position, apical 2-chamber view

2D video clip. 2-chamber view, optimized for left atrial visualization (priority for left atrial long axis visualization).
Position markers, visualization of:
1. Maximum left atrial longitudinal axis;
2. Maximum diastolic excursion of the mitral leaflets
3. Short axis of coronary sinus (inferior);
4. Left atrial appendage (anterior).
2D动态图像. 2腔图，左房放中间

Figure 40. 2D apical 2-chamber view, optimized for left atrium
Figure 40. 2D apical 2-chamber view, optimized for left atrium

2D still frame. 2-chamber view, optimized for the left atrium. Measurement: left atrial planimetry for biplane volume (see also 4-chamber view above). See Normal values here.
2D图像. 2腔图，优化左房图像，测量：双平面侧面法测左房容积

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