Formulas & Calculations for Echocardiography

M-mode, 2D and Doppler echocardiographic formulas: the numbers behind the echocardiography report

February 13th, 2021
(updated April 22, 2022)
Pages 1 – 5

Table of Contents

  • M-mode formulas
  • 2D formulas
  • Doppler, heart valves formulas
  • Doppler hemodynamics
  • Abbreviations
  • References
  • Table 1
  • Table 2
  • Table 3
  • Table 4
  • Table 5

Table 1

M-MODEUnitsFormula
LV FS%[(EDD-ESD) / EDD] x 100
LV wall thickening%[(PWTd – PWTs) / PWTd] x 100 (%)
LV h/r [Reichek 1982][(PWTd + IVSTd) /2] / (EDD / 2)
LVMIgm/m2(1.05 x [(EDD+PWTd+IVSTd)3 – EDD3] – 13.6) / BSA
LV ESS (meridional)103 dynes / cm20.98 x (0.334 x SAP x ESD) / [PWTs x (1 + (PWTs / ESD))] – 2
Table 1

Table 2

2DUnitsFormula
LV long / short axis ratioLong axis / short axis
LV diastolic sphericity index [Lamas 1989, Kono 1991)EDV / [(LAD3 x π) / 6]
LV mass (area/length)gm1.05 x {[5/6 x A1 x (a+d+t)] – [5/6 x A2 x (a+d)]}
LV mass (truncated ellipsoid) [Schiller 1989]gm1.05 p {(b+t)2 x [2/3 x (a+t)+d – [d3 / 3 x (a+t)2]] – b2 x [2/3 a d – (d3 / 3 x a2)]}
LV SVmlEDV – ESV
LV COmlSV x HR
LV ejection fraction%[(EDV – ESV) / EDV] x 100
LA reservoir filling volumemlLA ESV – LA EDV
RV FAC%[(EDA – ESA) / EDA] x 100
Table 2