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Table 3

DOPPLER, VALVES	Units	Formula
Simplified Bernouilli	mmHg	P1 – P2 = 4 x (V2² – V1 ²)
Pressure to velocity gradient	mmHg	Δ P = 4 x (V2)²
Continuity equation (1)		A1 x VTI1 = A2 x VTI2
Continuity equation (2)	cm2	A2 = A1 x VTI1 / VTI2
LVOT area	cm2	{[(LVOT diameter/2)²] x π}
LV SV	ml	LVOT VTI x LVOT area
LV SV index	ml/m2	LV SV / BSA
CO	ml	LV SV x HR
CI	ml/m2	CO / BSA
AV RVol	ml	LV SV – MV SV
AV RF	%	(AV RVol / LV SV) x 100
AV EROA	cm2	AV RVol / LVOT VTI
AV area (Continuity equation)	cm2	LVOT area x LVOT VTI / AV VTI
MA area	cm2	π x (MADmax / 2) x (MADmin / 2)
PHT	ms	DT x 0.29
MV area (PHT)	cm2	220 / PHT
MV area (PISA)	cm2	PISA area x Va / MV peak velocity
MV area (Continuity equation)	cm2	LVOT area x LVOT VTI / MV VTI
MV stroke volume	ml	MV VTIannulus x MA area
MV RVol	ml	MV SV – LV SV
MV RF	%	(MV RVol / MV SV) x 100
MV EROA (1)	cm2	MV RVol / MV VTIannulus
PISAarea	cm2	(r2) x π x 2
PISA peak regurgitant flow	ml/s	PISAarea x Va
PISA peak regurgitant gradient	mmHg	[(PRvel / 100)²] x 4
PISA EROA	cm2	PISA peak regurgitant flow / PRvel
PISA RVol	mi	PISA EROA x regurgitant VTI
PISA RF	%	(RV / SV) x 100

References

(1) Enriquez-Sarano M, Seward JB, Bailey\ KR, Tajik AJ. Effective regurgitant orifice area: a noninvasive Doppler development of an old hemodynamic concept. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:443–51.